LO3: Explain the use of lighting and camera settings in the context of the plan you have created [✓]

I have created different plans, these are floor plans. I have done this so I am aware of where lighting will need to go during the filming but also I needed to plan camera positing and which camera would be used.

In Shot Plan 1, this is the set up for my interviews which will be conducted. I will be placing a 4K SONY Handy cam, pretty much in front of the subject of interview. Using a tripod, this will be main change during the filming so that the camera is level with the interviewee. But the reason i have planned to use the camera in a static position, directly aiming at the subject is because it will help create focus on the subject and help the audience understand the importance of the figures in the interview. The settings on the camera itself, will be determined by the effected lighting.

The lighting for this part of the cinematic footage will be created via two soft boxes, as pictured in floor plan. These will be either side of the camera. They will be aimed to help create shadow and help connote drama and tension of the game, which will later be show. However, these will be made and aimed to look more like natural ambient lighting. This is because, the context of the situation, we are showcasing the organic nature of the this team, them being a lower league team, how have just come to what they are, which is in this league taking on something new.

In Shot Plan 2, this is the dressing room scene, where the team talk will take place and be filmed. The setting for this, relates heavily to the context, the drama and the atmosphere of what it is like to be in a team before a match needs to be connoted via this scene. So I will be placing the camera, in a static position, the exposure will likely be increased so that more light is let in, as the room will be dim, but lighting will be used to aid the scene. The camera, will be static, and allow all the team to be showcased this is to help connote the context of the team work which will take place. With the quality of the camera, the emotion of the players will be scene and how they react to the talk will also be seen which is why the camera has been placed in the position but also chosen.

The lighting will be again the soft boxes, there will again be two. One will be placed behind Andrew and still not seen on the camera and the second will be placed to the other side of the camera, this is to make sure the players can all be seen. The lighting will be dimmer, this is because I want to showcase drama while the audience can still see the scene in itself, so it is key to have the lighting featured,

Shot Plan 3, this will be an ambient lit set of shots. This is because, I do not want to distract from the game, as it is likely that soft box lighting may do this. I have chosen to use ambient light, just so that the nature of the game is portrayed well and the naturalness of it can be seen by the audience. While the camera, will play a larger part, this is because, it will capture the pace of the game and the context of the footage, which needs to be connoted via the camera work. This time, the camera, will not be static it shall be moved to different places on the pitch and will move between angles and additionally the direction, this is all so context can be gathered and the game can be understood. But also, so that the tension and drama of the game can be connoted.

LO2: Explain the different lighting settings that may be used to record footage[✓]

DIFFERENT TYPES OF LIGHTING

Three Point Lighting:

Three Point lighting is three lights, placed in different positions and aimed at one object, to create focus onto the said object. This involves setting up three lights, in the position of key light, this is typically the nearest to the object. Then the back light, which goes behind but is not seen by the camera, when filming or taking any photos. To the other side of the camera there is the film light which fills in the lighting gap provided by backlight and key.

Benefits: It creates focus onto a single object and have varied uses for photography and also creating film. Lights can be moved easily to surround the object and create different effects via the lighting.

Limitations: Can leave areas without light. Is typically only of use for a single object, so only has a small range of purposes verses other lighting set ups.

Soft Box Lighting:

This is typically photographic lighting, which involves, this can involve using one or more soft boxes. Soft boxes are lights, which is enclosed around the bulb, this makes the compromise of the reflective side. There is a diffusing material placed at the front of the box, and this diffuses the light, which creates the expected lighting from a soft box.

These are used typically to add light to certain areas and create shadow in different places. They can be used to focus on more than just one object.

Benefits: Can create focus on a single object or numerous. One or more soft boxes can be used to achieve certain effects. Helps diffuse certain element creating different effects

Limitations: Can leave areas without lighting due to the diffusion. Can get expensive if a number of soft boxes are required

Ambient Lighting:

This is light which is already present, as it is natural lighting which usually comes through window from inside and outside.

Ambient Lighting is used to typically film certain types of scene which are outdoors and require the lighting to look natural for different connotations.

Benefits: Can create good connotations, and is readily available and ever present. Cost Effective lighting choice

Limitations: Time of day and weather can effect it making it some times unusable.

High/ Low Key Lighting:

Lighting has two different keys, high key, which is brighter lighting this is used to connote typically happiness within a scene and it can be easy to create, as it requires the settings of the lighting to be higher.

Low Key lighting, is dark, and requires adjustment to lighting. It is known to connote a problem and drama.

LO1:Research Into Different Cameras[✓]

CAMERA/RECORDING SYSTEMS

PanaFlex:
Panaflex, is a camera which was manufactured by Panavision. It is a lightweight camera, which was first created in 1972. It was a 35mm motion picture camera, which was said to revolutionise the film industry and the filming of major motion picture films.

Benefits: Those, whom are hired to use are specialists, so the created imagery with the cinematography will be of the best quality, as they are trained. There is the benefit of it being a lightweight camera, which becomes easier for the team to operate.

Limitations: The technology within panaflex, is a lot older than other created
The limitations of the Panaflex, is first of all that when using any kind of Panaflex camera, you have to have Panavision technicians, who are trained to be able to use the equipment, with this, this means the price of using the Panaflex is a higher due to having to employee extra people.

RED:
Is the RED Digital camera company, whom manufacture professional cinematography equipment.

RED, (Red Digital Camera) have created several different recording systems which have advanced since the first launch in 2007. Each of the cameras have been used to shoot a number of blockbusters within the film industry.

There newest cameras, the DSMC2 system, has an 8K resolution and was used to shoot scenes within Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2

Benefits: The benefits of using RED cameras are that they provide high resolution and a number of different lenses with attributed zoom

Limitation: They are expensive, and will be heavy in weight due to them being specialist cameras for the cinematography industry.


HD:

The HD format, which stands for high definition. This is a common format among film and television. There is no standard format for HD, so it can vary within different countries. The standard for the video within American is 480 vertical lines, where as Europe is 576 vertical lines. HD is formed out of the lines, the more lines the higher the quality, as seen the table.

This also feature Ultra-HD which is a higher number of lines on a video, and this is a format which is better than HD and can be paired with the likes of pixel format 4K.

Benefits: It is an accessible formate available to most people when it comes to cinematography. It can

Limitations: Other formats have succeeded it, such as UHD, which can be paired with the 4K Format, it becomes better than standard HD.

4K Format:
The 4K format is a formate which involves the 4000 pixels. It is a format which has since become common for the display of digital cinematography. It allows for deeper colour and more detail of images to be seen.

Benefits: It is an accessible format, which has become and easy standard to follow for the film industry. Additionally the format can be found on many different platforms. The format is widely available on equipment which is of a lower price.

Limitations: There are new formats coming out by different cameras which beat the quality in it., however, that is within highly expensive equipment.

IMAX:
IMAX, is a proprietary system which is of high resolution cameras, film formats, projects. The system can be found throughout numerous cinemas/theatres to show different films. The system was created in the 1960s and developed throughout, to currently it is seen as one of the top elements in film.

IMAX, within cinemas, is to do with increasing the resolution of films, large film such as Disney's Avenger's: Endgame, upcoming films such as No Time To Die, the new James Bond film will be IMAX listed films and be featured within IMAX screens. The increase in resolution of films is done by using a larger frame rate to increase the res of the film. The camera, created by IMAX is also different. "At 24 frames per second, this means that the film moves through the camera at 102.7 metres per minute (just over 6 km/h). In a conventional 65mm camera, the film passes vertically through the camera, five perforations at a time, or 34 metres per minute. In comparison, in a conventional 35mm camera, 35mm film passes vertically through the camera, at four (smaller) perforations at a time, which translates to 27.4 metres per minute" /Film Interview: IMAX Executives Talk 'The Hunger Games: Catching Fire' and IMAX Misconceptions". Slash Film. December 2, 2013. Retrieved January 23 2020. 

Since the first camera was created, they have created more, in 2015, the most recent version was created, which was the camera used by Disney's subsidiary Marvel for Avengers' Infinity War and others. This camera was called ARRI Alexa IMAX Digital Camera.

Benefits: 
Allows for the highest quality imagery to be produced. Viewing ability of IMAX films is high, but there must be certain cinemas to watch it in.

Limitations:
The limitations of that the IMAX is a proprietary system which means typically they can usually be used on only one set of software or across only a systems. For example this is common across Adobe products, they hold proprietary files. It is an expensive system and requires skilled professionals to work.

LO4:Manipulate the camera settings to record cinematic quality footage[✓]

Here I have shown, how I have change camera settings to fit the environment and location I was filming in. When filming I had to adjust the exposure, to make sure at times it was either lower or higher depending on where I was filming, so in the lower dimmed setting, it had a higher exposure, but when filming interviews, it was lower because of the fact that I had the lights were much bright because of the lighting, so the lighting really determined the lighting settings. I also, had to change the shutter speed, so during the game it was a higher because of the fact it was capturing quick pace footage in slight bits. My ISO, was around 600-800 because this is the typical about ISO expected in footage. This allows for a good picture to be capture in time with other chosen settings.

LO4: How the Meaning was Created Through the Use of the Lighting and Camera Settings[✓]

When creating my footage I used different types of lighting to influence the meaning of the specific scene, I also used the camera in different ways to capture the meaning of the cinematic footage. I had to use the lighting in different ways, which will be showcased further down.

First of all, when I started filming, I completed my interviews. These interviews, where done with the SONY 4K camera, set up on the tripod with a Rode Microphone added on top. Either side of the camera were my two soft boxes, these were used to add light to the scene, and this followed my expected floor plan which I created. The lighting was used in a way which meant either side of the camera, there was light directed onto the subject of the interview, so shown here is the Gus Guest interviews. He is placed centrally, in the camera lens, so when starting the interviews, I fit the camera position to where the subject felt most comfortable this is because I wanted to connote comfort and relaxation in the interviews, so that the conduct interviews turned out the best possible in what they were capturing but also what their aim was.
The camera was used 4K in quality and during both the conducted interviews remained in a static position this is because of the fact that the lighting and camera settings were set up for that position, it also meets expected conventions. But the use of the camera, this created meaning by being a in a static position, this is because it staying focused on one subject can draw attention what that person is saying and allows the audience to focus on the person, which allows the audience to connote who is important in the scene. Additionally, I have changed the settings of the camera due too where I was filming this was needed when I filmed different elements of footage, so here I used a higher exposure and lower shutter speed, as I was recording static footage. This is because of what I wanted to create through the imagery, so it was key to be static, as the meanings would not have been as clear without it.

Then I have filmed this scene by using dim lighting in the form of the soft boxes which I have used. With this the soft boxes, I used the same set up as planned in my floor plans. The lighting in these shots was creating meaning with the light was more important that when using the camera. The lighting being lower, was done to connote drama, this is because the narrative tells the story of the football game and the club and using the lower tones in the lighting would help create the meaning of how hard a game can be. It is also done to show what the players go through, even though the shot is lower in lighting, it defines the players, because the shadow is deeper, so it is able to show the emotion in the body language.

I have adjusted the camera setting to the aim of this scene. When I set up the camera, it was also left in a static position but placed in an angle to achieve the widest shot possible, this is because I needed all of the team to be seen. The angle helps create meaning because it allows the audience to be able to view the body language of the whole teams. there is also the adjustments I made in settings. the exposure, had to be higher due to the dim soft boxes, compared to previous. This means that more ;light could be let into the shot so that the shot was not completely black and the emotions and drama could still be created

 Here, is another of the scenes, which I have used cinematography features throughout. For this one, I used ambient/natural lighting to showcase the football games. the reason, I used ambient lighting is because I wanted to keep focus on the game and using ambient lighting creates the meaning of focus and showcases the game for what it actually is. I wanted to draw focus to the game and the concentration needed for the game, so I felt using ambient light created this as it does not draw from the game.

There was also the use of camera settings this, involved having around about about a mid setting on the exposure, this is because the lighting was able to be sufficient to not have to change the settings too much. There is however, a change in the camera's angle and movement, as the game had to be tracked, this is to help showcase and connote the fast pace measure of the game. 

LO5: Apply post-production and editing techniques[✓]

Here I am showing how I have used sound and linked my audio to the visuals in which I have created. So it can be seen that I have created a fast pace montage scene and with this, I have paired it to my audio so that the clips cut and jump at the same time, additionally, the music is fast in pace, so once the drums hit, I have sped up clips top fit this. I also made this montage because it fit the genre of the short film, as a lot of the time there are montages of goals with sport documentaries. Also the audio chosen is an indie track, which is typically associated with football making it appeal to the target audience and especially if they like the band the trackball interest them to carry of watching.

I have linked my sound by adding in cross fades to the music, this is already an effect on adobe premier, but it allow my music and audio which is used to seem professional as this is a common feature of music and audio, as it will fade out to make it smoother, so I felt this was needed to meet conventions and industry standards.

I have used diegetic sound, this is either of interviews or audio of the game. This was captured by a rode microphone. This meaning, that it is industry standard and was attached to the 4K Sony camera meaning that the footage and audio go together. It allowed me to capture good quality sound when conducting my interviews, as both my speech and the interviewees speech was well captured via the microphone. this audio, some time was taken away, such as during montage clips or during other segments this is because it was not always needed and can just be the sound on the wind. However, when using the track, on Premier Pro. I tried to separate out my diegetic audio from the non-diegetic, as it would allow me to keep track of what I was doing when it came to audio.

I have also used voice over audio. This was recorded in sound booth, so is loud and only the narrator could, be heard when recording. For this I used Adobe Audition to record it, as this is industry standard software which would be expected to be in use like I did. When it came to placing the voice over it, this was green, as well as the music, so it had to go on another level even though they were smaller segments of sound. This tended to over lap clips, so would make the context of a clip much more understood, to would explain a story. This audio was created once I had placed all the clips together as I would then be finally able to add it to make sure it sunk with the footage more.

Using sound is also key to linking my use of lighting and cinematic footage. This its because it can helps add to the meaning of the footage, as sound develops additional layers of the footage.                                  

Here I am adding graphics to my short film. With this, I made these using some pre optional graphics in Premier Pro, but also I had to used the type tool to create the ending graphics. First of all, to meet set conventions I had to make sure I had visuals regarding the names of those being interviewed, as it would be assumed knowledge if I did not included them. 

I also had to use key Frames for the graphics which I used. I did this by going into the effects section. the reason I had to use key frames was because on the names of people I needed it to fade in and out to help create a professional standard and make sure it meets the expected convention which are shown by other documentaries. 

I did this also for the end credit with a video. As I had to make sure it moved and got smaller to meet conventions of credit. I had to this time, instead of opacity, I had to use the key frames of scale an potion to change it to make sure it looked professional for them the credit would come up.
These titles were added, at the bottom, as this is conventional of footage. But when editing, it had to be noted that this does draw away from the lighting line which are created by the soft boxes, but I felt the soft box lights did their job so there was not much needed change to the footage from the interviews.

Here is this screen shot, I am currently creating the montage by make sure my music is added and that my clips are cut correctly. I have added a montage in because this meet genre conventions, which are expected by a sport documentary, as it allows the team to be showcased for what they are and how  good they are. It also opens the film, so this will intrigue the audience, as they get to see clips of what happens in the documented game, which means this would be an attractive conventions to use. Along with it there is an audio track in use, this audio track is of the indie genre and allowed for me to create fast paced edits, by speeding up the clips, so that they fit the music. I chose this song because it fits the genre and is associated with football as there is a stereotype that fans like indie music, sol fitting this, it would also interest the audience as they may then want to listen to the music or think the the documentary is for them because of what is being used.

In these shot which were recored of the football game, I chose to stick to ambient lighting, this is because it helps create a rawness in the footage and shows the game for what it is which is key because the film has a central focus on the game and what is happening, so for myself, I felt the best option was ambient lighting. This also a common convention in football/sport documentaries. But, I also wanted to capture the best game possible so this meant lights would likely distract from the audience. Due to me changing the camera settings while working on the filming of the short film. I was able to not have to edit the footage in filter because of the fact that the setting I had used for the camera were in a good way.

This is where I am editing the scene which I have used lighting from soft boxes within the scene. This scene is in the changing room, and is the team talk which takes place prior to the game itself. When editing this scene I had to use the same tools as previous to such as the cutting tool. This scene was dimly lit because of the aim I was trying to create which was the drama of the scene, with this I wanted to show the audience what happens prior to the game itself. So this involved filming this scene. I did not change the lighting, when editing, this meant the exposure on the camera stayed the same, as it was rather high when filming the scene, this is also because I was now filming indoors so there had to be a change in camera settings to when i filming the team warming up. 

However, when editing, I found this scene needed to be slit up into clips as it would fit the conventions more. It can be seen on the time line how I have used the blade tool to slit up the clips into parts and place other clips in-between. For example, in between them, I had one of my other cinematography clips which is the interview in between. This helps meet conventions and showcases difference in how I have used cinematography feature such as lighting and the camera settings to show a difference in what was trying to be connote and created in the scenes. 

LO2: Different Lighting Settings[✓]

Here I have started testing out different types of lighting setting, by placing the same object down on a chair and seeing how is captured with the light.



Here I am using three-point lighting to demonstrate the light toward the chair and also the object which is on the chair. I have set up three light two each side of the camera, which was a Canon DSLR, and one behind the camera.
This lighting technique allowed me to have three lights set up to be able to focus in one object. It helps create shadow and focus upon the object, which would make it a good choice for interviews and capturing drama within a shot.



For this I have used soft box lighting to see how it worked when capturing the focus of an object. Soft box lighting is often used when taking pictures of objects. Which made me become interested in how it worked for recording, as I was aware I would be possibly filming interviews.
The effects were able to create shadow as well, but there was a clear difference in the lighting this is known because the colour is noted as brighter as the yellow tone stood out much more on the soft box.



Here I have set up the same object but this time using ambient light, this involved letting in the lighting from outside, and using natural day light. This option was slightly grainy because it was not as close to the point of light as the other two. However, it is a good option when outside and the weather is a of a good condition.